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In the U.S. state of Maryland, 445 species of bird have been recorded. This number includes the bird species that have been sighted in Maryland and are believed to be of wild origin. In addition, seven species are confirmed as appearing in Maryland but have been questioned as to being of wild origin.〔 The Maryland/District of Columbia Records Committee maintains records for bird sightings in Maryland and produces the list used by most birders to objectively evaluate species recorded in the state. The committee votes on the validity of new records of bird species in the state. The committee last met in 2012. A herald petrel was seen in 2012 but has not yet been voted upon. Official bird lists are sorted by taxonomic sequence. The taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families, genera and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) used by the Maryland/District of Columbia Records Committee follow the conventions of the American Ornithologists' Union's 1998 ''Check-list of North American Birds'', the recognized scientific authority on the taxonomy and nomenclature of North American birds. The American Ornithologists' Union's Committee on Classification and Nomenclature, the body responsible for maintaining and updating the ''Check-list'', "strongly and unanimously continues to endorse the biological species concept (BSC), in which species are considered to be genetically cohesive groups of populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups". The Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy provides an alternative phylogenetic arrangement based on DNA-DNA hybridization. Unless otherwise noted, all species listed below are considered to occur regularly in Maryland as permanent residents, summer or winter visitors, or migrants. The following codes are used to denote categories of species: * (I) Introduced - a species that has been introduced to North America by the actions of humans, either directly or indirectly * (E) Extinct - a recent species that no longer exists * (X) Extirpated - a species which is no longer found in Maryland, but still exists elsewhere * (R) Rare - a species considered rare enough in Maryland to have each occurrence reviewed by the committee * (O) Birds confirmed as appearing in Maryland whose wild origin is unconfirmed Note: Birds marked with an asterisk ( *) are not identified to species, but distinct enough to be considered as a separate entry. __NOTOC__ ==Ducks, geese and swans== Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anatidae The family Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, bills that are flattened to a greater or lesser extent, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to special oils. In Maryland, 43 definitive species have been recorded and 2 of questionable origin have also been reported. *Black-bellied whistling duck, ''Dendrocygna autumnalis'' (R) *Fulvous whistling duck, ''Dendrocygna bicolor'' (R) *Pink-footed goose, ''Anser brachyrhynchus'' (R) *Greater white-fronted goose, ''Anser albifrons'' *Snow goose, ''Chen caerulescens'' *Ross's goose, ''Chen rossii'' *Brant, ''Branta bernicla'' *Barnacle goose, ''Branta leucopsis'' (R) *Cackling goose, ''Branta hutchinsii'' *Canada goose, ''Branta canadensis'' *Mute swan, ''Cygnus olor'' *Trumpeter swan, ''Cygnus buccinator'' (X) *Tundra swan, ''Cygnus columbianus'' *Wood duck, ''Aix sponsa'' *Gadwall, ''Anas strepera'' *Eurasian wigeon, ''Anas penelope'' *American wigeon, ''Anas americana'' *American black duck, ''Anas rubripes'' *Mallard, ''Anas platyrhynchos'' *Baikal teal, ''Anas formosa'' (O) *Blue-winged teal, ''Anas discors'' *Cinnamon teal, ''Anas cyanoptera'' (R) *Northern shoveler, ''Anas clypeata'' *Falcated duck, ''Anas falcata'' (O) *Northern pintail, ''Anas acuta'' *Green-winged teal, ''Anas crecca'' *Canvasback, ''Aythya valisineria'' *Redhead, ''Aythya americana'' *Ring-necked duck, ''Aythya collaris'' *Tufted duck, ''Aythya fuligula'' (R) *Greater scaup, ''Aythya marila'' *Lesser scaup, ''Aythya affinis'' *King eider, ''Somateria spectabilis'' *Common eider, ''Somateria mollissima'' *Harlequin duck, ''Histrionicus histrionicus'' *Surf scoter, ''Melanitta perspicillata'' *White-winged scoter, ''Melanitta fusca'' *Black scoter, ''Melanitta americana'' *Long-tailed duck, ''Clangula hyemalis'' *Bufflehead, ''Bucephala albeola'' *Common goldeneye, ''Bucephala clangula'' *Barrow's goldeneye, ''Bucephala clangula'' (R) *Hooded merganser, ''Lophodytes cucullatus'' *Common merganser, ''Mergus merganser'' *Red-breasted merganser, ''Mergus serrator'' *Masked duck, ''Nomonyx dominicus'' (R) *Ruddy duck, ''Oxyura jamaicensis'' 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of birds of Maryland」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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